You are making every single checkbox plus the hidden "other" textbox required.  You need to ensure you are only making the checkboxes required, and excluding the "other" textbox.

Additionally, if you want it to behave the way it does normally with the required option from the Layout page, you need to add the group-required class, which allows it to work when one or more checkboxes are marked, instead of requiring all of them to be marked.

Here's your code, modified to address those two items:

$(document).ready(function () {
  
  $('.cf-table-block').change(function () {
    $('.tableclass').on('blur', 'input', checkdesc);
  });
 
  function checkdesc() {
    $('.tableclass tbody tr').each(function () {
      if ($(this).find('.nameclass input').val() != "") {
        //New version limited to just the input checkboxes, and includes addition of the group-required class.
        $(this).find('.checkboxclass input[type="checkbox"]').attr('required', true).addClass('group-required');
      } else {
        //New version limited to just the input checkboxes, and includes removal of the group-required class.
        $(this).find('.checkboxclass input[type="checkbox"]').removeAttr('required').removeClass('group-required');
      }
    });
  }
  
});