I tried reproducing the issue (but we're on 10.3 right now). I can't seem to reproduce it, so maybe something is different between the two versions? I tried changing the parameters for various types of fields, and even when an invalid value is in a field, it still saves the new document with the invalid value. If the event viewer doesn't point you to the issue, I think I'd still try clearing all fields to see if you can create a new document from another. If it's successful, I'd try adding the data back a little at a time to see if you can figure out which field is causing the problem.

One of the things to check is the number of characters stored in metadata fields.  If you have a 40 character field and try to save more than 40 characters (even 41 characters), you will get errors of this type.